Question |
Answer |
Lateral: Nasal bones |
IOML lined up, CR 1/2" below nasion,, 3×3 coll, both laterals done R and L, In xray must have tip of nose to nasion and acantion. assess fx |
PA waters: Nasal bones |
MML perp, OML 37 degree to IR, CR exits acanthion, tight coll. assess fx and septal deviations |
deviated septum |
internal nasal deformity in the bone that separates the two nostrils. i.e. "crooked nose" |
rhinolith |
calculus or stone in the nose (nasal stone) |
PA caldwell: Nasal Bones |
OML perp, 15 degrees caudal exits nasion, tight coll. assess fx and septal deviations |
mandible |
largest facial bone, only movable facial bone in skull, starts as 2 bones and forms 1 solid bone at 1 yo |
alveolar processes |
arch containing alveoli for the roots of the teeth. Also on maxillary side. would point at root of teeth. |
Do you do a true lateral 0 degrees for the mandible? |
No |
PA mandible: for body |
AML perp (tell pt chin and nose against IR), CR exit lips ( closed jaw) |
PA mandible: for Rami |
OML perp (tell pt forehead and nose against IR), CR exits acanthion, |
What cassette size do you use for mandible? |
8×10 |
How can you tell PA for rami vs PA for body? |
For rami= round jaw. For body= square jaw |
What 2 ways can you do axiolateral oblique positions? |
1. tube angled 25 degree cephalic OR 2. partial head drop (5-10 degree) with 20 degree tube angle. Point is to get a total of 25 degree angle. |
Axiolateral: For ramus |
pt in true lateral position, CR 25 degree cephalic between mentum and gonion |
Axiolateral oblique: for body |
from true lateral roll pt 30 degrees, CR 25 degrees cephalic between mentum and gonion |
axiolateral oblique: For symphysis |
from true lateral roll pt 45 degrees, CR 25 degree cephalic between mentum and gonion |
General survey for mandible= Axiolateral oblique |
from true lateral roll head 10-15 degrees, CR 25 degree cephalic between mentum and gonion. Both sides always done. |
accurate positioning for the SMV is what line? |
IOML |
What does SMV for mandible show? |
mandibular body, coronoid processes, condyloid processes |
SMV: for mandible |
IOML parallel to IR, CR thru gonia, same positioning as sinuses |
AP axial towne: mandible |
OML perp, CR 35 degree caudal thru arches (midway between EAM and gonia)= 3" above nasion, bottom tip of mandible not needed?? |
What is the towne for mandible demonstrating? |
TMJ fossae and condyle relationship |
Panorex: mandible |
IOML perp (like in lateral), mouth closed tongue on roof of mouth, used for mandible fractures and TMJ evaluation, demonstrates teeth, mandible and TMJs |
zygomatic arch is formed by |
zygomatic process (temporal bone) and temporal process (zygomatic bone). |
zygomatic prominence |
positioning landmark, prominent portion of zygoma, "cheek bone" |
Modified AP towne: zygomatic arches |
OML perp, CR 30 degree caudal enter glabella 1" above nasion thru arches. 8×10 CW, coll mandible and vertex not needed |
If you cannot use OML use what line? and what angle for AP townes zygomatic arches? |
IOML 37 degree caudal |
SMV: zygomatic arches |
IOML parallel to IR, CR 1" posterior to outer canthi at level of arches. angle cephalic if cannot get IOML |
SMV criteria for arches |
mentum lined with frontal bone, arches symmetrical w/o foreshortening, no rotation, arches in profile. less penetration needed for arches?? |
Oblique axial/ tangential projection for arches |
From SMV position (IOML parallel) , Roll MSP 15 degree toward affected side and tilt vertex 15 degree away from affected side |
PA waters for arches |
same as routine PA waters, MML perp CR thru arches ,collimated over zygoma, petrous portion below maxillary sinus |
Is there a true lateral for TMJs? |
No |
Which positions for TMJ do open and closed mouth? |
ALL of them |
AP axial for TMJs |
OML perp, CR 35 degree caudal 3" above nasion. both open and closed. |
Axiolateral projection: Shuller method for TMJ |
Head true lateral IOML lined up, CR 25-30 degree caudal to affected (dependent) TMJ and 1/2" anterior to EAM, coll 5×5 In xray the dependent TMJ is directly ABOVE the independent TMJ. |
Axiolateral oblique projection: Law method for TMJ |
Start with head in true lateral IOML lined up, rotate head 15 degrees towards IR, CR 15 degree caudal to dependent TMJ and 1/2" anterior to EAM, coll 5×5. In xray dependent TMJ will make an "L" with independent TMJ. |
2 circulatory systems |
lymphatic (minor) cardiovascular (major) |
pulmonary circulation |
controlled by right side of heart. recieves and send deoxygenated blood to the lungs. "thinner" side. |
systemic circulation |
controlled by left side of the heart. receivese and sends oxygen rich blood to tissues and organs. "thicker" side bc it works harder to pump to whole body. |
coronary arteries |
classified as "end circulation" |
What is the magic number of the heart? |
4! chambers, valves and major blood vessels going into and leaving the heart |
atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve |
In between atrium and ventrical on right side, blood can only go one way. |
Pulmonary (semilunar) valve |
leaves the right ventrical to the lungs |
Left atrium |
recieves blood from the lungs |
mitral (bicuspid) valve |
in between left atrium and ventrical. prevents backflow |
aortic valve |
leaves left ventrical to go to the body circulation |
brachiocephalic artery has 3 branches |
RT= common carotid, subclavian, vertebral |
common carotids are ___________ circulation |
anterior |
vertebral arteries are _________________ circulation |
posterior |
angiography |
examination of vessels |
contrasts used in angiography |
positive, non-ionic contrast media |
most commonly used injection technique |
Seldinger Technique! Know the steps! |
What is a trocar? |
3 edged medical device. has metal or plastic obturator tip, cannula and seal |
venous needles |
inserted into vein are shorter in length, go down stream, dark red blood |
arterial needles |
inserted into artery are longer in length, go up stream, bright red blood |
introducer sheaths |
allow for multiple attachments |
How to calculate size/diameter of catheter? |
use french gauge system. Divide the french number by 3. |
Radionuclide MPI |
MPI=myocardial perfusion imaging. Non invasicce, do an exercise stress test, use Thallium contrast. |
most common IV site for specials |
femoral artery |
post catheterization procedure |
firm pressure to prevent bleeding at least 15-30 min and pt vitals monitored for 24 hours |
most common cardiovascular disease |
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) |
artherosclerosis |
stenosis (narrowing) o the coronary arteries |
Right heart catheterization |
"venous access" measures everything on the right side of the heart (pressure and blood oxygen saturation, cardiac output). gets lodged in left pulmonary artery. use Swan ganz catheter or PAC |
Left heart catheterization |
"arterial access" looks at the LT ventrical for dysfunction, disease or obstruction, goes through femoral artery, use pigtail catheter |
Aortography |
accomplished by placing catheter at desired level of aorta |
Interventional |
therapeutic (to relieve, correct, repair) plasty=repair |
Diagnostic |
(to find and evaluate) graphy= to record, image to diagnose |
Intravascular stent |
to open/reopen occluded vessel and keep it opened, to improve blood flow ex. stenosis. |
Endovascular stent |
to hold arteries in place. strengthens/reinforces/repairs weak artery ex. aneurysm |