| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Lateral: Nasal bones | IOML lined up, CR 1/2" below nasion,, 3×3 coll, both laterals done R and L, In xray must have tip of nose to nasion and acantion. assess fx |
| PA waters: Nasal bones | MML perp, OML 37 degree to IR, CR exits acanthion, tight coll. assess fx and septal deviations |
| deviated septum | internal nasal deformity in the bone that separates the two nostrils. i.e. "crooked nose" |
| rhinolith | calculus or stone in the nose (nasal stone) |
| PA caldwell: Nasal Bones | OML perp, 15 degrees caudal exits nasion, tight coll. assess fx and septal deviations |
| mandible | largest facial bone, only movable facial bone in skull, starts as 2 bones and forms 1 solid bone at 1 yo |
| alveolar processes | arch containing alveoli for the roots of the teeth. Also on maxillary side. would point at root of teeth. |
| Do you do a true lateral 0 degrees for the mandible? | No |
| PA mandible: for body | AML perp (tell pt chin and nose against IR), CR exit lips ( closed jaw) |
| PA mandible: for Rami | OML perp (tell pt forehead and nose against IR), CR exits acanthion, |
| What cassette size do you use for mandible? | 8×10 |
| How can you tell PA for rami vs PA for body? | For rami= round jaw. For body= square jaw |
| What 2 ways can you do axiolateral oblique positions? | 1. tube angled 25 degree cephalic OR 2. partial head drop (5-10 degree) with 20 degree tube angle. Point is to get a total of 25 degree angle. |
| Axiolateral: For ramus | pt in true lateral position, CR 25 degree cephalic between mentum and gonion |
| Axiolateral oblique: for body | from true lateral roll pt 30 degrees, CR 25 degrees cephalic between mentum and gonion |
| axiolateral oblique: For symphysis | from true lateral roll pt 45 degrees, CR 25 degree cephalic between mentum and gonion |
| General survey for mandible= Axiolateral oblique | from true lateral roll head 10-15 degrees, CR 25 degree cephalic between mentum and gonion. Both sides always done. |
| accurate positioning for the SMV is what line? | IOML |
| What does SMV for mandible show? | mandibular body, coronoid processes, condyloid processes |
| SMV: for mandible | IOML parallel to IR, CR thru gonia, same positioning as sinuses |
| AP axial towne: mandible | OML perp, CR 35 degree caudal thru arches (midway between EAM and gonia)= 3" above nasion, bottom tip of mandible not needed?? |
| What is the towne for mandible demonstrating? | TMJ fossae and condyle relationship |
| Panorex: mandible | IOML perp (like in lateral), mouth closed tongue on roof of mouth, used for mandible fractures and TMJ evaluation, demonstrates teeth, mandible and TMJs |
| zygomatic arch is formed by | zygomatic process (temporal bone) and temporal process (zygomatic bone). |
| zygomatic prominence | positioning landmark, prominent portion of zygoma, "cheek bone" |
| Modified AP towne: zygomatic arches | OML perp, CR 30 degree caudal enter glabella 1" above nasion thru arches. 8×10 CW, coll mandible and vertex not needed |
| If you cannot use OML use what line? and what angle for AP townes zygomatic arches? | IOML 37 degree caudal |
| SMV: zygomatic arches | IOML parallel to IR, CR 1" posterior to outer canthi at level of arches. angle cephalic if cannot get IOML |
| SMV criteria for arches | mentum lined with frontal bone, arches symmetrical w/o foreshortening, no rotation, arches in profile. less penetration needed for arches?? |
| Oblique axial/ tangential projection for arches | From SMV position (IOML parallel) , Roll MSP 15 degree toward affected side and tilt vertex 15 degree away from affected side |
| PA waters for arches | same as routine PA waters, MML perp CR thru arches ,collimated over zygoma, petrous portion below maxillary sinus |
| Is there a true lateral for TMJs? | No |
| Which positions for TMJ do open and closed mouth? | ALL of them |
| AP axial for TMJs | OML perp, CR 35 degree caudal 3" above nasion. both open and closed. |
| Axiolateral projection: Shuller method for TMJ | Head true lateral IOML lined up, CR 25-30 degree caudal to affected (dependent) TMJ and 1/2" anterior to EAM, coll 5×5 In xray the dependent TMJ is directly ABOVE the independent TMJ. |
| Axiolateral oblique projection: Law method for TMJ | Start with head in true lateral IOML lined up, rotate head 15 degrees towards IR, CR 15 degree caudal to dependent TMJ and 1/2" anterior to EAM, coll 5×5. In xray dependent TMJ will make an "L" with independent TMJ. |
| 2 circulatory systems | lymphatic (minor) cardiovascular (major) |
| pulmonary circulation | controlled by right side of heart. recieves and send deoxygenated blood to the lungs. "thinner" side. |
| systemic circulation | controlled by left side of the heart. receivese and sends oxygen rich blood to tissues and organs. "thicker" side bc it works harder to pump to whole body. |
| coronary arteries | classified as "end circulation" |
| What is the magic number of the heart? | 4! chambers, valves and major blood vessels going into and leaving the heart |
| atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve | In between atrium and ventrical on right side, blood can only go one way. |
| Pulmonary (semilunar) valve | leaves the right ventrical to the lungs |
| Left atrium | recieves blood from the lungs |
| mitral (bicuspid) valve | in between left atrium and ventrical. prevents backflow |
| aortic valve | leaves left ventrical to go to the body circulation |
| brachiocephalic artery has 3 branches | RT= common carotid, subclavian, vertebral |
| common carotids are ___________ circulation | anterior |
| vertebral arteries are _________________ circulation | posterior |
| angiography | examination of vessels |
| contrasts used in angiography | positive, non-ionic contrast media |
| most commonly used injection technique | Seldinger Technique! Know the steps! |
| What is a trocar? | 3 edged medical device. has metal or plastic obturator tip, cannula and seal |
| venous needles | inserted into vein are shorter in length, go down stream, dark red blood |
| arterial needles | inserted into artery are longer in length, go up stream, bright red blood |
| introducer sheaths | allow for multiple attachments |
| How to calculate size/diameter of catheter? | use french gauge system. Divide the french number by 3. |
| Radionuclide MPI | MPI=myocardial perfusion imaging. Non invasicce, do an exercise stress test, use Thallium contrast. |
| most common IV site for specials | femoral artery |
| post catheterization procedure | firm pressure to prevent bleeding at least 15-30 min and pt vitals monitored for 24 hours |
| most common cardiovascular disease | Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) |
| artherosclerosis | stenosis (narrowing) o the coronary arteries |
| Right heart catheterization | "venous access" measures everything on the right side of the heart (pressure and blood oxygen saturation, cardiac output). gets lodged in left pulmonary artery. use Swan ganz catheter or PAC |
| Left heart catheterization | "arterial access" looks at the LT ventrical for dysfunction, disease or obstruction, goes through femoral artery, use pigtail catheter |
| Aortography | accomplished by placing catheter at desired level of aorta |
| Interventional | therapeutic (to relieve, correct, repair) plasty=repair |
| Diagnostic | (to find and evaluate) graphy= to record, image to diagnose |
| Intravascular stent | to open/reopen occluded vessel and keep it opened, to improve blood flow ex. stenosis. |
| Endovascular stent | to hold arteries in place. strengthens/reinforces/repairs weak artery ex. aneurysm |