| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| S Wave | a wave that can move through only solid material |
| Elastic Rebound | the sudden return of rocks to their undeformed shape |
| Body Wave | a wave that moves through a medium |
| P Wave | a wave that moves material back and forth |
| Surface Wave | slowest type of seismic wave |
| Seismograph | records ground vibrations |
| Richter | a scale used to determine the magnitude of an earthquake by using the amplitude and the distance |
| Mercalli | a scale used to measure the intensity of an earthquake |
| Fault Zone | an area where numerous earthquakes occur |
| Tsunami | a giant wave produced by an underwater earthquake |
| Primary | waves are compressional |
| Surface | waves cause the most damage |
| Lava | magma that flows onto earth's surface |
| Crater | hollowed out area at the top of a volcano |
| hot spot | a volcanically active area of earth's surface, commonly far from a tectonic plate boundary |
| Magma | liquid rock that forms under Earth's surface |
| Pipe | vertical crack which magma moves |
| sill | small plutons that intrude the surrounding rock horizontally |
| vent | opening of a volcano which lava flows |
| mafic | magma or rock that is rich in magnesium and iron, dark in color |
| caldera | basin shaped depression that forms after the magma has erupted |
| dike | small plutons that intrude the surrounding rock vertically |
| felsic | magma or rock that is rich in silicate materials |
| Active Volcano | has erupted in the past century and is expected to erupt again |
| Dormant Volcano | is expected to erupt again; hasn't erupted in past |
| Extinct Volcano | hasn't erupted in 10,000 years and won't erupt again |
| Viscosity | the resistance to flow |
| Pyroclastic Material | fragments of rock that form during a volcanic eruption |
| Focus | the location where the earthquake begins |
| epicenter | the point on the earth's surface vertically above the focus of an earthquake |
| Shadow Zone | is the area of the earth from angular distances of 104 to 140 degrees from a given earthquake that does not receive any direct p waves |
| Fault Zone | large faults within the Earth's crust result from the action of plate tectonics forces, with the largest forming the boundaries between the plates |
| Seismograph | an instrument scientists use to measure the strength of an earthquake |
| Seismogram | a record of the ground motion at a measuring station as a function of time |
| magnitude | the relative size of the earthquake |
| Intensity | the severity of the earthquake |
| Seismic Gap | part of the active fault that has experienced little or no seismic activity for a long period, indicating the buildup of stresses that are useful in predicting earthquakes |
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