| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is ontogeny? | the series of developmental phenomena that occurs as the organism progresses toward sexual maturity |
| What are 2 main processes of gametogenesis? | 1. spermatogenesis which produces 4 spermatozoa and 2. oogenesis which produces 1 ovum and 2-3 polar bodies |
| During spermatogenesis, the ____________ which is _________ undergoes mitosis and produces ________ which then under meiosis | spermatogonium. diploid. spermatocytes. |
| During Oogenesis, the _______ undergoes mitosis and produces ______ which undergo meiosis to make egg cells | oogonium. oocytes. |
| What 3 parts make up a single sperm? | 1. head which contains the haploid genome and acrosome with digestive enzymes, 2. neck/midpiece with mitochondria, and 3. tail |
| What 2 parts make up an egg cell? | 1. The cell itself, which has a haploid genome, nutrition and energy reserves for embryo, and the egg itself has polarity. 2. Outer membranes and layers |
| What are model organisms? | They are advantageous for studying aspects of development, usable as external fertilizers and produce many progeny and large eggs. |
| What 2 membranes make up the ECM of yolk? | 1. vitelline membrane and 2. jelly coat |
| What happens during fertilization? | A zygote is produced and diploid state is restored and development is activated |
| What polarity do humans have? What about other animals? | Humans have D-V polarity and other animals have A-V polarity |
| What is embryogenesis and what 3 phases does it consist of? | the process in which the metazoan forms, 3 phases are cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis |
| What is cleavage? | A phase of rapid cell division and zygotes that divides to form cells called blastmeres |
| What are 2 main types of cleavages? | Meroblastic cleavage- partial furrow and high yolk content and holoblastic cleavage- entire furrow with moderate yolk content |
| Cleavage results in the formation of the ______ | blastula |
| What is a blastula? | A hollow ball of cells that contains the blastocoel |
| What is gastrulation? | The global reorganization of the embryo |
| What are the outcomes of gastrulation? | The formation of the germ layers and the proper spatial arrangement of germ layers, and establish the body plan |
| Organisms with 3 germ layers are known as? Organisms with 2 germ layers are known as? | Triploblasts and diploblasts |
| What are the 3 main layers that is formed from the blastoma called? | Ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm |
| What does the ectoderm form? | Epidermal ectoderm and central nervous system |
| What does the mesoderm form? | Muscle connective tissues and coelomic linings |
| What does the endoderm form? | the digestive system epithelium |
| Organization of germ layers during gastrulation produces what 2 things? | 1. the archenteron and 2. the blastopore |
| In triploblasts, protostomes form what first? | the blastopore forms the mouth first and then the anus second |
| In triploblasts, deuterostomes form what first? | the blastopore forms the anus first and then the mouth |
| How are organs formed? | Formed locally within the embryo and each layer is divided into germ layer regions associated with organ contributions |
| What are indirect developers? | A reproductively immature organism that appears dissimilar from mature adult that exists as a larva and undergoes metamorphosis before becoming an adult |
| What are direct developers? | A reproductively immature organism that appears similar to the adult and growth is mainly involved without dramatic changes |
| What 4 main mechanisms direct the process of embryogenesis? | 1. Polarity, 2. morphogenesis, 3. inductive interactions, and 4. restrictions of developmental potential with differentiation as final realization of developmental program |
| What is polarity? | "Instructions" that are segregated in the zygote |
| What is morphogenesis? | Changes in the cell that results in changes in tissue |
| What is inductive interactions? | Communications between cells |
| What is Cell fate determined by? | They become restricted over time and differentiation occurs as a result to make cells specialized for certain purposes |
| What are determinants primarily used for? | They consist of mRNAs and proteins and are equally distributed in the egg and/or distributed to particular regions within the egg |
| What key piece of evidence shows that the body plan is established at fertilization? | The gray crescent |
| Morphogenesis involves what 3 changes? | 1. Changes in cell or tissue shape and 2. changes in cell or tissue adhesion, and 3. changes in the position of cells or tissues within the embryo via migration |
| What is invagination? | The inward buckling of cells to form a pocket |
| What is involution? | The inward rolling of cells over an edge |
| What is epiboly? | The spreading of cells over an external surface |
| What is ingression? | The transition of cells from an epithelial to a mesenchymal state while migrating inward |
| What is neurulation? | The series of morphogenetic events involved in formation of the vertebrate central nervous system |
| What is adhesion of cells in morphogenesis? | It involves the interactions of a cell with other cells and a cell with its extracellular matrix environment |
| Adhesion is mediated what 2 kinds of transmembrane proteins? | 1. Cadherins that mediate cell-cell interactions and 2. integrins mediate cell-ECM contacts with adhesive glycoproteins |
| Inductive interactions involve _________ _________ in which cells give instructions for development. This involves the use of paracrine signaling called ______ ______ | intercellular communications. growth factors. |
| What experiment did Spemann and Mangold demonstrate? | They demonstated the presence of globally-acting inductions in amphibians |
| What drives limb formation? | Localized, reciprocal inductions |
| What drives limb polarity? | Inductive interactions |
| What is differentiation? | Cells becoming specialized for a specific fate and remain that way for the rest of an organism's life. |
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