Question |
Answer |
Initiative vs. Guilt |
Sense of purpose or guilt |
Emotional regulation |
effortful control, ability to control when and how emotions are expressed. |
Positive Resolution |
healthy exploration |
Negative Resolution |
intense feelings of shame and guilt over interaction and new activities |
Dealing with Fears |
anxieties common in early childhood. Disappear when child gets older |
Prejudice |
feelings of pride lead to feeling superior to children of other sex, nationality, or religion |
Intrinsic motivation |
reason to pursue goal comes from inside |
Extrinsic motivation |
reason to pursue goal comes from need to have achievements rewarded from outside |
Play |
most productive and enjoyable activity children undertake |
Imaginary friends |
friendship in make believe, intrinsic motivation, work for preschoolers |
Solitary Play |
child plays alone, unaware of other children playing nearby |
Onlooker play |
child watches others play |
Parallel play |
play adjacent not with others |
Associative play |
interact, share, materials, and observe each other |
Cooperative play |
play together, creating and elaborating and taking turns |
Play with peers |
one of most important areas to develop positive social skills |
Active play |
participating in fun activity |
Rough and tumble play |
mimics aggression, but no intent to harm, common in young males, may cause injury |
Sociodramatic play |
act out roles and themes in stories they create, learn about selves/world, work out scary and new issues, cultivate emotional intelligence |
Discipline |
method of teaching selfcontrol, right from wrong – instruction or training |
Reinforcement |
reward behaviors |
Tangible reinforcement |
candy, money, stickers |
Intangible reinforcement |
smiles, praise, hug, extra attention |
Punishment |
negative consequence for undesirable behavior |
Corporal punishment |
physical force in discipline, to cause pain but not injure |
Spanking |
specific form of corporal punishment , hitting on backside |
Power assertion |
parent's power over child, discourages unwanted behaviors, not discipline |
Time out |
child separated from people/activities for specified time |
Withdrawal of love |
Parent takes away love and affection, not discipline |
Inductive techniques |
discipline through reasoning, using logic and logical consequences |
Diana Baumrind |
studied parenting styles. Conducted interviews, observations, and home studies. Not exact science |
Dimensions of parenting |
1. Expressions of warmth 2. Strategies for discipline 3. Communication 4. Expectations for maturity |
Authoritarian |
high behavioral standards, strict punishment of misconduct, and little communication. Withdrawn, disruptive, difficulty with choices |
Permissive indulgent |
high nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance , or control. Immature, lack self-control, irresponsible |
Authoritative |
set limits and enforce rules but flexible and listen to children. Self-reliant, self-controlled, content |
Neglectful/Uninvolved |
indifferent toward children and unaware of what is going on in child's life. at risk for behavior problems, low self-esteem, more impulsive, agressive |
Sex differences |
biological differences between male and females in organs, hormones, and body shape |
Gender differences |
differences in roles and behaviors prescribed by culture for males and females |
Sexual orientation |
person's sexual identity related to the gender to which person is attracted physically/romantically |
Gender Identity |
awareness in early childhood of being male and female, before age 2: know whether they are boys or girls, by age 4: certain toys are appropriate for one gender |
Gender stereotypes |
exaggerated roles of males and females, preconceived ideas about male and female behavior |
Gender constancy |
child realizes gender will not change |
Biological |
Gender stereotype, due to hormonal influences, genetics, and neurological influences |
Psychoanalytic |
child's gender develops due through identification in Phallic Stage |
Identification |
child adopts characteristics of same sex parent by resolving desire for opposite sex parent |
Behaviorism |
gender differences product of ongoing reinforcements and punishments. "Gender-appropriate" rewarded more than "gender-inappropriate" behavior |
Social learning |
notice the ways men and women behave and internalize the standards they observe |
Cognitive |
Cognitively organize and adopt behaviors perceive as consistent with their gender |
Gender Schema |
child classifies behaviors based on society, creates mindset as foundation |
Humanism/Hierarchy of needs |
need affirmation from peers to belong, conforming to gender norms |
Evolutionary |
sexual attraction crucial for basic urge to reproduce. Try to look/act attractive to other sex in gendered ways |
Nature Perspective |
sense of right and wrong, due to attachment, cognitive maturity |
Nurture Perspective |
culture is crucial to the development of morality |
Socialization |
lifelong process of acquiring norms, customs, values mindset |
Prosocial behaviors |
helpfulness/kindness without obvious benefit self |
Empathy |
understanding emotions and concerns of others |
Antisocial behaviors |
deliberately hurting someone, declines with maturity |
Antipathy |
dislike/hatred for other person |
Aggression |
behavior/action with intent to hurt |
Instrumental Aggression |
act to achieve goal not necessarily to hurt, try to get something from another person |
Reactive aggression |
impulsive verbal or physical. retaliation for person's intentional or accidental action |
Relational aggression |
nonphysical acts, to harm social connection between victim and others |
Bullying aggression |
unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attack |
Sibling rivalry |
Antagonism between brothers and sisters |
Harm Reduction |
reducing potential negative consequences of behavior |
Child maltreatment |
intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18 years of age |
Reported maltreatment |
someone has notified authorities of harm or endangerment |
Substantiated maltreatment |
reported, investigated, and verified |
Physical abuse |
injury to body of child |
neglect |
does not meet child's needs |
sexual abuse |
any sexual activity involving child and adult |
Emotional abuse |
psychological mistreatment, causes behavioral, cognitive or emotional disorders |
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
after person is harmed and unable to protect self neurological, emotional, and behavioral damage |
Three levels of prevention |
Primary – macro-system and exosystem Secondary – Warning signs and intervention Tertiary – everything that limits harm after maltreatment has already occurred |
Foster Care |
home or group home of state-certified caregiver |
Kinship Care |
version of foster care, placed with relative |